Chinese Movie Where a Man Lives a Day Over Again

1994 film

To Live
To Live DVD cover

Traditional	活著
Simplified	活着
Mandarin	Huózhe
Literally	live / to exist alive

Directed by	Zhang Yimou
Screenplay past	Lu Wei
Based on	To Alive past Yu Hua
Produced by	Chiu Fu-sheng Funhong Kow Christophe Tseng
Starring	Ge You Gong Li Niu Ben Guo Tao Jiang Wu
Cinematography	Lü Yue
Edited past	Du Yuan
Music by	Zhao Jiping
Distributed by	The Samuel Goldwyn Visitor
Release date	May 18, 1994 (1994-05-xviii) (Cannes)
Running time	132 minutes
Countries	China, Taiwan
Linguistic communication	Standard mandarin
Box function	$ii.3 million (United states of america/Canada)^[1]

To Live , also titled Lifetimes in some English language versions,^[ii] is a 1994 Chinese drama picture show directed by Zhang Yimou and written by Lu Wei, based on the novel of the same name past Yu Hua. It is produced by the Shanghai Motion-picture show Studio and ERA International, starring Ge You and Gong Li, in her seventh collaboration with director Zhang Yimou.

This film is about a couple, portrayed by Ge You and Gong Li, living through tumultuous periods of modern Chinese history, from the Chinese Civil War in the late 1940s to the Cultural Revolution. Afterwards going through enormous personal difficulties and tragedies, the couple tenaciously survives and endures, witnessing the vast changes of modern China.

By applying chronological narration to address the social practices of China's ideology, the moving picture demonstrates the difficulties of the common Chinese, reflecting on how the authorities controls the nation as a collective customs without because their citizens.^[3]

The portrayal of the Chinese people living under social pressures create the meaning of the motion-picture show, as their grinding experience shows their resistance and struggles under political changes.^[3]

To Alive was screened at the 1994 New York Motion picture Festival before somewhen receiving a limited release in the United States on Nov eighteen, 1994.^[four] The film has been used in the U.s.a. as a back up to teach Chinese history in high schools and colleges.^[five]

Having achieved international success with his previous films (Ju Dou and Enhance the Red Lantern), director Zhang Yimou's To Alive came with high expectations, and lived up to it, receiving critical acclaim. It is the start Chinese film that had its strange distribution rights pre-sold.^[half-dozen] Furthermore, To Live brought home the Grand Prix, Prize of the Ecumenical Jury, and Best Role player Award (Ge You) ^[7] from the 1994 Cannes Film Festival, the highest major international awards Zhang Yimou has e'er won.^[viii]

The Picture was denied a theatrical release in cathay past the Chinese Country Administration of Radio, Film, and Telly^[9] due to its critical portrayal of various policies and campaigns of the authorities, such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. However, the film has now been fabricated bachelor in Communist china online, through various paid streaming websites (ex. iQIYI).^[x]

Plot [edit]

In the 1940s, Xu Fugui (Ge You) is a rich homo's son and compulsive gambler, who loses his family property to a man named Long'er. His beliefs as well causes his long-suffering wife Jiazhen (Gong Li) to leave him, forth with their daughter, Fengxia, and their unborn son, Youqing.

Fugui somewhen reunites with his married woman and children only is forced to start a shadow boob troupe with a partner named Chunsheng. The Chinese Civil War is occurring at the time, and both Fugui and Chunsheng are conscripted into the Kuomintang'southward Republic of China armed forces during a operation. Midway through the war, the two are captured past the communist People's Liberation Army and serve by performing their shadow puppet routine for the communist revolutionaries. Somewhen, Fugui is able to render dwelling house, only to find out that due to a week-long fever, Fengxia has go mute and partially deaf.

Shortly after his return, Fugui learns that Long'er did not want to donate any of his wealth to the communist people'southward authorities, preferring instead to burn all of his property. No one helps put out the fire because Long'er was a gentry. He is eventually put on trial and is sentenced to execution. As Long'er is pulled abroad, he recognizes Fugui in the crowd and tries to talk to him as he is dragged towards the execution grounds. Fugui is filled with fearfulness and runs into an alleyway earlier hearing five gunshots. He runs domicile to tell Jiazhen what has happened, and they quickly pull out the document stating that Fugui served in the communist People'southward Liberation Army. Jiazhen assures him that they are no longer gentries and will not be killed.

The story moves forrard a decade into the hereafter, to the fourth dimension of the Bully Leap Forwards. The local boondocks chief enlists anybody to donate all scrap iron to the national drive to produce steel and make weaponry for retaking Taiwan. As an entertainer, Fugui performs for the entire town nightly, and is very smug about his singing abilities.

Soon subsequently, some boys brainstorm picking on Fengxia. Youqing decides to go back at one of the boys past dumping spicy noodles on his head during a communal tiffin. Fugui is furious, but Jiazhen stops him and tells him why Youqing acted the mode he did. Fugui realizes the love his children have for each other.

The children are exhausted from the hard labor they are doing in the town and try to sleep whenever they tin can. They somewhen become a break during the festivities for meeting the scrap metal quota. The unabridged hamlet eats dumplings in celebration. In the midst of the family eating, schoolmates of Youqing call for him to come ready for the District Chief. Jiazhen tries to make Fugui let him slumber only eventually relents and packs her son twenty dumplings for dejeuner. Fugui carries his son to the school, and tells him to heat the dumplings before eating them, equally he will get sick if he eats cold dumplings. He must listen to his father to have a skillful life.

Afterwards on in the solar day, the older men and students rush to tell Fugui that his son has been killed past the District Master. He was sleeping on the other side of a wall that the Master's Jeep was on, and the automobile ran into the wall, injuring the Master and crushing Youqing. Jiazhen, in hysterics, is forbidden to see her son's dead body, and Fugui screams at his son to wake upwards. Fengxia is silent in the background.

The District Chief visits the family at the grave, only to be revealed as Chunsheng. His attempts to apologize and compensate the family unit are rejected, particularly by Jiazhen, who tells him he owes her family unit a life. He returns to his Jeep in a haze, only to see his baby-sit chirapsia Fengxia for breaking the Jeep's windows. He tells the baby-sit to stop, and walks dwelling.

The story moves forward again another decade, to the Cultural Revolution. The village primary advises Fugui'south family unit to burn their puppet drama props, which accept been deemed every bit counter-revolutionary. Fengxia carries out the human activity, and is oblivious to the Primary's real reason for coming: to discuss a suitor for her. Fengxia is now grown upwards and her family unit arranges for her to come across Wan Erxi, a local leader of the Red Guards. Erxi, a man crippled by a workplace accident, fixes her parent'due south roof and paints depictions of Mao Zedong on their walls with his workmates. He proves to exist a kind, gentle man; he and Fengxia fall in love and marry, and she soon becomes pregnant.

Chunsheng, still in the government, visits immediately later the wedding ceremony to ask for Jiazhen's forgiveness, but she refuses to acknowledge him. Later, he is branded a reactionary and a capitalist. He comes to tell them his wife has committed suicide and he intends to also. He has come up to give them all his money. Fugui refuses to take it. Withal, as Chunsheng leaves, Jiazhen commands him to alive, reminding him that he still owes them a life.

Months later, during Fengxia's childbirth, her parents and hubby accompany her to the canton hospital. All doctors take been sent to do difficult labor for being over educated, and the students are left as the just ones in charge. Wan Erxi manages to notice a doctor to oversee the birth, removing him from solitude, but he is very weak from starvation. Fugui purchases vii steamed buns (mantou) for him and the family unit decides to proper noun the son Mantou, after the buns. However, Fengxia begins to hemorrhage, and the nurses panic, albeit that they do not know what to do. The family unit and nurses seek the advice of the doctor, but find that he has overeaten and is semiconscious. The family unit is helpless, and Fengxia dies from postpartum hemorrhage (astringent blood loss). The point is made that the doctor ate 7 buns, simply that by drinking likewise much water at the same time, each bun expanded to the size of 7 buns: therefore Fengxia'south death is a result of the doctor's having the equivalent of 49 buns in his belly.

The movie ends 6 years later, with the family at present consisting of Fugui, Jiazhen, their son-in-law Erxi, and grandson Mantou. The family visits the graves of Youqing and Fengxia, where Jiazhen, as per tradition, leaves dumplings for her son. Erxi buys a box total of young chicks for his son, which they decide to keep in the chest formerly used for the shadow puppet props. When Mantou inquires how long it volition take for the chicks to grow upwardly, Fugui'due south response is a more than tempered version of something he said earlier in the film. He expresses optimism for his grandson's future, and the moving picture ends with his argument, "and life will become better and better" as the whole family sits downwards to consume.^[eleven] ^[12]

Cast [edit]

Ge You as Xu Fugui (t 徐福貴 , south 徐福贵 , Xú Fúguì, lit."Lucky & Rich"):
- Fugui came from a rich family, but he is addicted to gambling, so his pregnant wife walked away from him with their daughter. After he gambled away all his possessions, his father passed abroad due to anger. Subsequently a year, his wife came back and they started their life again. Fugui and Chunsheng together maintained a shadow boob business organization for their livelihood, only they were forcibly conscripted by the Kuomintang army, and later the Communist Party. When at last, Fugui got domicile after the war, everything has changed.^[3] ^[13]
Gong Li equally Jiazhen ( 家珍 , Jiāzhēn, lit."Precious Family unit"), Fugui'southward married woman:
- Jiazhen is a hard-working, kind, and virtuous woman. She is a stiff spiritual pillar for Fugui. When her married man gambled his possessions away, Jiazhen angrily left him and took their girl away. Simply when Fugui had lost everything, and she knew that Fugui had completely quit gambling, she returned to his side to share in weal and woe. She was not afterward a great fortune, just a peaceful life with her family unit.^[xiii]
Liu Tianchi as adult Xu Fengxia (t 徐鳳霞 , due south 徐凤霞 , Xú Fèngxiá, lit."Phoenix & Rosy Clouds"), daughter of Fugui and Jiazhen
- Xiao Cong as teenage Xu Fengxia;
- Zhang Lu every bit child Xu Fengxia;
- When Fengxia was a kid, she had a serious fever and could not exist cured in fourth dimension, so she became deaf. She married Erxi after she grew up, but when she gave birth, she died for lack of professional doctors.^[3]
Fei Deng as Xu Youqing (t 徐有慶 , s 徐有庆 , Xú Yǒuqìng, lit."Full of Celebration"), Fugui and Jiazhen's son:
- Youqing was accidentally hit and killed by Chunsheng due to drowsy driving during the Great Leap Forward.^[13]
Jiang Wu as Wan Erxi (t 萬二喜 , s 万二喜 , Wàn Èrxǐ, lit."Double Happiness"), Fengxia'south husband:
- Erxi is honest, kind, and loyal. He oft took care of Fengxia's parents afterwards Fengxia'southward death.
Ni Dahong every bit Long'er (t 龍二 , south 龙二 , Lóng'èr lit."Dragon the 2nd"):
- Long'er used to be the head of a shadow puppet troupe and won all of Fu Gui's property by gambling. After liberation, he was classified as a landlord and his property was ordered to exist confiscated. But he refused the confiscation, and set the holding on fire. As a result, he was convicted of the law-breaking of "counterrevolutionary sabotage" and sentenced to death past shooting.^[iii]
Guo Tao equally Chunsheng ( 春生 , Chūnshēng, lit."Spring-born"):
- Fugui's good friend, they served together as forced conscripts. Chunsheng and so joined the People's Liberation Army, and became the district governor. Due to this position, he was criticized as a capitalist roader and endured struggle sessions during the Cultural Revolution.^[13]

Product [edit]

Evolution [edit]

Zhang Yimou originally intended to adjust Mistake at River's Edge, a thriller written by Yu Hua. Yu gave Zhang a prepare of all of the works that had been published at that betoken so Zhang could empathise his works. Zhang said when he began reading To Live, 1 of the works, he was unable to terminate reading it. Zhang met with Yu to discuss the script for Error at River's Border, only they kept bringing up To Alive. Thus, the two decided to adapt To Live instead.^[two]

Casting [edit]

Ge You, known for his comedic roles, was chosen past Zhang Yimou to play the title character, Fugui. Known for poker-faced comedy, he was non accustomed to expressing emotional states this character requires. Thus, he was not very confident in himself, even protesting going to the Cannes Film Festival where he would eventually garner a all-time actor award.^[xiv]

Director [edit]

Growing upward, Zhang spent his youth years through the Cultural revolution. Having personally experienced what it was like in such a time and setting, he had a very stiff agreement and emotional connection with Chinese culture and society.^[15]

Equally a educatee who studied screen studies in academy in the country's upper-case letter city, he and his peers were heavily exposed to diverse movies from across the world and beyond time. His classmate, who is now the President of the Beijing Picture show Academy stated that during their four years in university, they went through over 500 films spanning from Hollywood films from the 1930s to Italian Neo-Realism films. Zhang Yimou stated in a previous interview that fifty-fifty subsequently many years, he however remembered the culture daze he experienced when start exposed to the wide variety of films.^[xv]

The combination of the two very crucial parts of his life provided him with a very strong vision for his films. He was able to have a very strong understanding of both the Chinese national outlook too equally the international outlook of films and applied them extensively throughout his career.^[15]

Zhang described that To Live is the moving-picture show he felt the strongest connection to considering of the Cultural Revolution background in the film. The political groundwork of Zhang's family was the label "double-counterrevolutionary", which was the worst kind of counterrevolutionary. Different from other fifth-generation filmmakers such as Chen Kaige and Tian Zhuangzhuang, Zhang was in a desperate state and cannot trace dorsum things that were lost during the Cultural Revolution. Zhang said "For me, that was an era without hope – I lived in a globe of desperation".^[14]

Zhang, in an interview, described how he used dissimilar elements that diverged from the original novel. The apply of the shadow play and puppet theatre was to emphasize a different visual look. The ending of the film To Live is different from the novel's because Zhang wanted to pass the censorship in China and gain approval from the audience in mainland China, fifty-fifty though the movie has not been publicly screened in China all the same. On the other hand, Zhang'southward family unit had suffered enormously during the Cultural Revolution, but, as Zhang stated, they nevertheless survived. Thus, he felt that the volume's ending where everyone in Fu Gui's family had died was not as reasonable. Furthermore, Zhang Yimou chose Ge Y'all, who is famous for his comedic roles to play the protagonist, Fu Gui. Ge You actually inspired Zhang to add more humorous elements in the picture, therefore it is more reasonable not to kill every character at the terminate.^[14]

Differences from the novel [edit]

Moved the setting from rural southern China to a pocket-size city in northern China.^[3]
Added elements of shadow puppetry.^[3]
- A symbol of wealth. Shows that it is at the mercy of others and tin can do nothing about its own hereafter.^[16]
Second narrator and the ox non present in the film.^[3]
Fugui had a sense of political idealism that he lost by the terminate of the film.^[2]
The novel is a retrospective, but Zhang adapts the film without the remembrance tone.^[3]
Zhang introduced the emptying of Yu Hua'due south first person narration ^[three]
But Fugui survived in the novel, but Fugui, Jiazhen, Erxi, and Mantou all survived in the motion picture.^[iii]

Adaptation [edit]

In the pic "To Live", Zhang Yimou did not cull to straight limited the theme of the novel, merely to reduce the number of deaths, change the style of expiry, and cut into the doomed sense of fate to eliminate the audience's immediate depression brought by the story itself. In the picture, these deliberately ready dramatic turns highlight the theme that those infinitely small people, as living "others", can merely rely on living instinct to bear suffering in history, times and social torrents. The theme of the novel- the power to acquit suffering and the optimistic mental attitude to the earth- is subconscious in these little people who are helpless to their own fate just still alive strongly.^[17]

As a flick fine art that can restore extreme reality and stimulate the audience'southward audio-visual sense to the greatest extent, if it however follows the original "death fable" way of telling, information technology will undoubtedly be depressing and nighttime, which will accept a certain negative impact on the audience. Therefore, it is a feasible strategy for Zhang Yimou's film adaptation to implement moderate deviation and elimination of suffering in social club to weaken the excessive touch of film fine art communication. According to his personal experiences, Zhang Yimou blended the story into historical groundwork and used a more gentle technique to highlight the helplessness of the character's fate nether the influence of the fourth dimension. Information technology indirectly expresses the master idea of the novel and weakens the feeling of suffocating, which makes it an excellent adaptation film with "Zhang's brand". This work not only tries to restore the original, but also joins another artistic subject: the director'southward thinking and contained consciousness. The added shadow puppets and innovative changes to the ending, to sure extent, achieved the moving-picture show because the main thrust of the novel is shown in these innovations. The translation of text into a new film language, although with a potent Zhang's brand, ensures the original spiritual connotation. The moving picture "To Live" has also become a successful attempt of comprehensive transformation from literature fine art to film art.^[17]

Release [edit]

Limited release in North America [edit]

The film opened on September 16, 1994 in Canada. Past the time the film opened in the United States on November 18, the motion-picture show had grossed $67,408. On November eighteen, it expanded to 4 theaters, including Angelika Motion-picture show Center and Lincoln Plaza in New York Metropolis, where it grossed $32,902, towards a weekend gross of $34,647.^[17] ^[18] It went on to gross $2.three one thousand thousand in the U.s.a. and Canada.^[i]

Chinese censorship [edit]

This film was banned in Cathay due to a combination of factors. Commencement, information technology has a disquisitional portrayal of various policies and campaigns of the Communist Government. Such as how the protagonists' tragedies were caused equally a outcome of the Corking Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.^[8] 2d, Zhang Yimou and his sponsors entered the film at the Cannes Film Festival without the usual government's permission, ruffling the feathers of the party.^[viii] Lastly, this flick suffered from the bad timing of its release, following Cheerio My Concubine and The Bluish Kite, films which cover about the same subject matter and historical period. Both of these films had alerted the Chinese regime due to their similar critical portrayals of Chinese policies, and made them very cautious and aware of the need to ban any future films that tried to touch on the same topics.^[8]

Reception [edit]

Critical response [edit]

To Alive received critical acclamation and diverse critics selected the film in their year end lists.^[19]

There is, among picture critics, nigh a consensus that To Live is not merely a lament of difficult times, nor a critique of the evils of the totalitarian system, merely more "an homage to the characters' resilience and heroism in their odyssey of survival." Some scholars farther argue that the era's hostile and chaotic surround is not the story itself, but simply serves equally a stage for the story.^[8]

Accolades [edit]

Year-finish lists [edit]

quaternary - Kevin Thomas, Los Angeles Times.^[19]
fifth - Janet Maslin, The New York Times^[xx]
5th - James Berardinelli, ReelViews ^[21]
9th - Michael MacCambridge, Austin American-Statesman^[22]
Honourable mention - Mike Clark, USA Today^[23]
Honourable mention - Betsy Pickle, Knoxville News-Lookout man^[24]

Awards and nominations [edit]

Other accolades [edit]

Fourth dimension Out 100 Best Chinese Mainland Films - #eight ^[29]
Included in The New York Times' list of The Best 1000 Movies Ever Made in 2004 ^[30]
included in CNN'south list of 18 All-time Asian Movie of All Time in 2008 ^[31]
The motion picture ranked 41st in BBC'due south 2018 list of The 100 greatest strange language films voted by 109 film critics from 43 countries around the globe.^[32]

Symbolism [edit]

Food [edit]

Dumplings: Youqing's dejeuner box with dumplings inside was never opened. These dumplings reappeared equally an offering on Youqing's tomb repeatedly. Rather than existence eaten and captivated, the dumplings are at present lumps of dough and meat standing as reminders of a life that has been irreparably wasted.^[3]
Mantou (steamed wheat bun): When Fengxia is giving nascence, Md Wang, the only qualified doctor, passed out due to eating likewise many buns after a long time of hunger. Thus, he was unable to salve Fengxia'south life. The mantou, meant to ease his hunger, rehydrated and expanded within his stomach, shrunken with starvation. "Filling stomach" ironically leads to the death of Fengxia. The buns did not salve a life - it is an indirector killer of Fengxia.^[3]
Noodles: Youqing used his meal as revenge for his sister. Although wasted in a literal sense, they are not wasted in Youqing's listen. Food is not merely for "filling stomach" or "to live," similarly, "to alive" does not depend solely on foods.^[iii]

Shadow puppetry [edit]

The usage of shadow puppetry, which carries a historical and cultural heritage, throughout the motion-picture show acts as a parallel to what characters experience in the events that they have to alive through.^[33]

Recurring lines [edit]

In ii places of the moving-picture show, there is a similar line. The version that appears before in the film is: "The little chickens will grow to exist ducks, the ducks will get geese, and the geese volition go oxen, and tomorrow volition be better because of communism." The version that appears later in the movie is: "The petty chickens will grow to exist ducks, the ducks will become geese, and the geese volition become oxen, and tomorrow will be better." This line acts as a picture of the Chinese people's perseverance in the face of historical hardships, giving the feeling of hope for the audience.^[3]

Other facts [edit]

Referential pregnant of the film: The scene in which the begetter publicly punishes the son in To Alive can be read every bit a miniaturized re-rendering of the dramatic punishing scene watched by the unabridged world in June 1989, the Tiananmen Massacre.^[3]
There is a scene that the local town chief calls on everyone to donate the iron products of the family unit to make steel. This implies the historical time jumps to the Neat Leap Forward. At that menstruum of time, the Communist Party tried to copy the huge success of the industrial revolution in Britain. However, the method is wrong and wasn't helpful. It shows that when the flood of time come up upon a single family, they have no option but to exist carried frontward.
In the picture show To Live, during its second half, some other tragedy occurred to Fugui's family - Fengxia died of childbirth. None of the nurses knew how to treat postpartum hemorrhage. It'south worth noting that the nurses are saying: "We don't know how to deal with this! Nosotros are just students!"As the most qualified doctor is almost beaten to death. This section of the film suggests the suffering that the Cultural Revolution brought to people. Most doctors were replaced past Ruby Guards and were defendant as reactionaries.^[5] Equally the sign on the doctor's trunk shows, he was in many struggle sessions with the Red Guard.

Bibliography [edit]

^ ^a ^b To Live at Box Office Mojo
^ ^a ^b ^c Yu, Hua. Editor: Michael Drupe. To Live. Random Firm Digital, Inc., 2003. 242. ISBN 978-1-4000-3186-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^eastward ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^thousand ^north ^o ^p Chow, Rey (1996). "We Endure, Therefore Nosotros Are: Survival, Governance, and Zhang Yimou's To Live".
^ James, Caryn (1994-11-18). "Film Review; Zhang Yimou's 'To Live'". The New York Times . Retrieved 2008-05-20 .
^ ^a ^b Amy Mungur, "Chinese Movies and History Education: The Case of Zhang Yimou'south 'To Live'," History Compass ix,vii (2011): 518–524.
^ Klapwald, Thea (1994-04-27). "On the Set up with Zhang Yimou". The International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 2012-09-eighteen. Retrieved 2007-05-10 .
^ ^a ^b "Festival de Cannes – Huozhe". Cannes Pic Festival. Archived from the original on 22 Baronial 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Shi, Liang (1999). "The Daoist Cosmic Discourse in Zhang Yimou's To Live". Film Criticism. 24 (2): ii–xvi. JSTOR 44018936 – via JSTOR.
^ Zhang Yimou. Frances K. Gateward, Yimou Zhang, University Printing of Mississippi, 2001, pp. 63-iv.
^ "To Live - stream on iQIYI". iQIYI . Retrieved June 13, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
^ "To Live (1994)". IMDb.
^ Larson, Wendy (2017). Zhang Yimou: Globalization and the Subjection of Civilisation. Amherst, New York: Cambria Press. pp. 167–196. ISBN9781604979756.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pan, Tianqiang (2009). "The Movie To Live: An Unprecedented Image Stupor" (PDF). Schoolhouse of Literature, Renmin University, Beijing 100872, China.
^ ^a ^b ^c Berry, Michael (2004). Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers. New York: Columbia Academy Press. pp. 109–135. ISBN9780231133302.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zhou, Xuelin (2017). Globalization and contemporary Chinese movie theatre : Zhang Yimou'southward genre films. Singapore. ISBN978-981-10-4328-4. OCLC 990802735.
^ Wang, Damin (September 2015). "Different Pursuit of 'Truth' and 'Reality' - Comparison of 2 Versions of To Alive - Yu Hua 's Novel and Zhang Yimou'southward film comparison". Periodical of Leshan Normal University. 30: 23–28. S2CID 218199564.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zhang Lijun & Li Jiahui. (2020). The exploration of the aesthetic concept of film adaptation in contemporary Chinese realistic literature. Journal of Film Studies (03), pp 36-46.
^ Evans, Greg (November 22, 1994). "'To Alive' enlivens, 'Creatures' comforts exclu auds". Daily Variety. p. viii.
^ ^a ^b Turan, Kenneth (December 25, 1994). "1994: YEAR IN REVIEW : No Weddings, No Lions, No Gumps". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July xx, 2020.
^ Maslin, Janet (1994-12-27). "CRITIC'Southward NOTEBOOK; The Good, Bad and In-Between In a Year of Surprises on Film". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-thirteen .
^ Berardinelli, James. "Rewinding 1994 - The Year in Film". ReelViews . Retrieved June 13, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
^ MacCambridge, Michael (Dec 22, 1994). "It's a Beloved-Detest thing". Austin American-Statesman. p. 38.
^ Clark, Mike (December 28, 1994). "Scoring with True Life, 'True Lies' and 'Fiction'". USA Today. p. 5D.
^ Pickle, Betsy (Dec 30, 1994). "Searching for the Top 10... Whenever They May Be". Knoxville News-Sentinel. p. three.
^ "Winners & Nominees 1994". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016.
^ "1994 Archives". National Board of Review. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Huo zhe – Awards". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved sixteen March 2016.
^ "BAFTA Awards (1995)". British Academy of Film and Television set Arts. Archived from the original on 17 Nov 2015.
^ "100 Best Chinese Mainland Films (top 10)". Time Out. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved thirteen June 2021.
^ "The All-time 1000 Movies Ever Fabricated". The New York Times . Retrieved March xiv, 2016.
^ Mackay, Mairi (September 23, 2008). "Pick the All-time Asian Films of All Time". CNN . Retrieved 14 March 2016.
^ "The 100 Greatest Foreign Language Films". BBC. October 29, 2018. Retrieved ten January 2021.
^ Lu, Sheldon H. (1997). Transnational Chinese Cinemas. University of Hawai'i Printing.

External links [edit]

To Live at IMDb
To Alive at AllMovie
To Live at Rotten Tomatoes
To Live at Box Function Mojo

dukestherat.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Live_(1994_film)